中东和非洲聚丁二酸丁二醇酯 (PBS) 市场,按产品(传统聚丁二酸丁二醇酯 (PBS) 和生物基聚丁二酸丁二醇酯 (PBS))、工艺(酯交换和直接酯化)、应用(袋子、地膜、包装膜、可冲洗卫生产品、渔网、咖啡胶囊、木塑复合材料等)、用途(一次性使用和可重复使用)、包装层(初级包装、二次包装和三级包装)、最终用途(包装、农业、纺织、消费品、电气和电子、汽车等)国家(南非、埃及、沙特阿拉伯、阿联酋、以色列和中东和非洲其他地区)行业趋势和预测到 2028 年
市场分析和洞察:中东和非洲聚丁二酸丁二醇酯 (PBS) 市场
聚丁二酸丁二醇酯 (PBS) 市场预计将在 2021 年至 2028 年的预测期内实现市场增长。Data Bridge Market Research 分析称,在 2021 年至 2028 年的预测期内,该市场的复合年增长率为 6.3%,预计到 2028 年将达到 25,432.14 万美元。
聚丁二酸丁二醇酯 (PBS) 是聚酯家族中的一种热塑性聚合物树脂。PBS 是一种可生物降解的脂肪族聚酯,其性能与聚丙烯相当。它是一种可生物降解或分解的聚合物,具有相对较高的熔化温度、良好的韧性。它是一种具有半结晶结构的多功能半结晶聚合物。
聚丁二酸丁二醇酯 (PBS) 市场的一些推动因素包括包装领域对环保和可生物降解产品的偏好增加,以及汽车内饰对 PBS 的需求不断增长。为了满足石油和天然气行业对聚丁二酸丁二醇酯 (PBS) 产品日益增长的需求,一些公司正在扩大生产能力并签订跨地区协议。可能影响聚丁二酸丁二醇酯 (PBS) 市场的主要限制因素是快速结晶反应会降低强度性能,以及不可预测的原材料价格。原材料价格的波动可能会影响未来的市场增长。
本聚丁二酸丁二醇酯 (PBS) 市场报告提供了市场份额、新发展和产品线分析、国内和本地市场参与者的影响的详细信息,分析了新兴收入领域、市场法规变化、产品审批、战略决策、产品发布、地域扩张和市场技术创新方面的机会。要了解分析和市场情况,请联系我们获取分析师简报,我们的团队将帮助您创建收入影响解决方案,以实现您的预期目标。
聚丁二酸丁二醇酯 (PBS) 市场范围和市场规模
聚丁二酸丁二醇酯 (PBS) 市场细分为产品、工艺、应用、用途、包装层、最终用途。细分市场之间的增长有助于您分析利基增长领域和进入市场的策略,并确定您的核心应用领域和目标市场的差异。
- 根据产品,聚丁二酸丁二醇酯 (PBS) 市场细分为传统聚丁二酸丁二醇酯 (PBS) 和生物基聚丁二酸丁二醇酯 (PBS)。2021 年,传统聚丁二酸丁二醇酯 (PBS) 细分市场预计将占据市场主导地位,因为传统聚丁二酸丁二醇酯 (PBS) 可以在土壤中轻松分解而不会影响环境,从而增加了全球对其的需求。
- 根据工艺,聚丁二酸丁二醇酯 (PBS) 市场分为酯交换和直接酯化。2021 年,酯交换部分预计将在全球市场占据主导地位,因为酯交换工艺可用于大规模生产,这增加了对聚丁二酸丁二醇酯 (PBS) 酯交换工艺的需求。
- 根据应用,聚丁二酸丁二醇酯 (PBS) 市场细分为袋子、地膜、包装膜、可冲洗卫生产品、渔网、咖啡胶囊、木塑复合材料等。2021 年,地膜市场预计将占据市场主导地位,因为全球对农产品的需求不断增长,导致全球对地膜的需求不断增加。
- 根据用途,聚丁二酸丁二醇酯 (PBS) 市场分为一次性和可重复使用。2021 年,可重复使用部分预计将在全球占据主导地位,因为可重复使用的 PBS 产品比一次性 PBS 产品更具成本效益。
- 根据包装层,聚丁二酸丁二醇酯 (PBS) 市场分为初级包装、二级包装和三级包装。2021 年,初级包装领域预计将占据市场主导地位,因为初级包装吸引了更多客户购买更多商品,这使得初级包装在市场上占据主导地位。
- 根据最终用途,聚丁二酸丁二醇酯 (PBS) 市场细分为包装、农业、纺织、消费品、电气和电子、汽车等。2021 年,包装领域预计将占据市场主导地位,因为各行各业对包装产品的需求都在增加,这使得包装在市场上占据主导地位。
全球聚丁二酸丁二醇酯 (PBS) 市场国家级分析
对聚丁二酸丁二醇酯 (PBS) 市场进行了分析,并按国家、产品、工艺、应用、用途、包装层、最终用途提供了市场规模信息。
聚丁二酸丁二醇酯 (PBS) 市场报告涉及的国家包括南非、埃及、沙特阿拉伯、阿联酋、以色列以及中东和非洲其他地区。
由于沙特阿拉伯对可生物降解包装产品的需求不断增加,该国在 MEA 聚丁二酸丁二醇酯 PBS 市场中占据主导地位。
报告的国家部分还提供了影响单个市场因素和国内市场监管变化,这些因素和变化会影响市场的当前和未来趋势。新销售、替代销售、国家人口统计、监管法案和进出口关税等数据点是用于预测单个国家市场情景的一些主要指标。此外,在提供国家数据的预测分析时,还考虑了全球品牌的存在和可用性以及它们因来自本地和国内品牌的激烈或稀少的竞争而面临的挑战、销售渠道的影响。
PBS 在婴儿尿布中的广泛使用
聚丁二酸丁二醇酯 (PBS) 市场还为您提供每个国家/地区行业增长的详细市场分析,包括销售额、零部件销售额、婴儿尿布技术发展的影响以及监管环境的变化及其对聚丁二酸丁二醇酯 (PBS) 市场的支持。数据涵盖 2010 年至 2019 年的历史时期。
竞争格局和聚丁二酸丁二醇酯 (PBS) 市场份额分析
聚丁二酸丁二醇酯 (PBS) 市场竞争格局按竞争对手提供详细信息。详细信息包括公司概况、公司财务状况、收入、市场潜力、研发投资、新市场计划、全球影响力、生产基地和设施、公司优势和劣势、产品发布、临床试验渠道、品牌分析、产品批准、专利、产品宽度和广度、应用优势、技术生命线曲线。以上提供的数据点仅与公司对聚丁二酸丁二醇酯 (PBS) 市场的关注有关。
全球聚丁二酸丁二醇酯 (PBS) 市场的主要市场参与者包括三菱化学株式会社、巴斯夫公司、瓦克化学股份有限公司、伊士曼化学公司、昭和电工株式会社、罗盖特公司、BioAmber Inc.、FILLPLAS、NaturePlast 和 Bio-disposable(Inchel Technology Group Limited 的子公司)等。
例如,
- 2021 年 4 月,三菱化学公司开发出可海洋生物降解形式的 BioPBS。该公司正在制定开发计划,以确保其 BioPBS 系列植物衍生聚丁二酸丁二醇酯 (PBS) 产品。这一发展有助于公司增加收入和产品组合。
SKU-
Get online access to the report on the World's First Market Intelligence Cloud
- Interactive Data Analysis Dashboard
- Company Analysis Dashboard for high growth potential opportunities
- Research Analyst Access for customization & queries
- Competitor Analysis with Interactive dashboard
- Latest News, Updates & Trend analysis
- Harness the Power of Benchmark Analysis for Comprehensive Competitor Tracking
目录
1 INTRODUCTION
1.1 OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY
1.2 MARKET DEFINITION
1.3 OVERVIEW OF MIDDLE EAST & AFRICA POLYBUTYLENE SUCCINATE (PBS) MARKET
1.4 LIMITATION
1.5 MARKETS COVERED
2 MARKET SEGMENTATION
2.1 MARKETS COVERED
2.2 GEOGRAPHICAL SCOPE
2.3 YEARS CONSIDERED FOR THE STUDY
2.4 CURRENCY AND PRICING
2.5 DBMR TRIPOD DATA VALIDATION MODEL
2.6 PRODUCT LIFE LINE CURVE
2.7 MULTIVARIATE MODELING
2.8 PRIMARY INTERVIEWS WITH KEY OPINION LEADERS
2.9 DBMR MARKET POSITION GRID
2.1 MARKET APPLICATION COVERAGE GRID
2.11 DBMR MARKET CHALLENGE MATRIX
2.12 VENDOR SHARE ANALYSIS
2.13 IMPORT-EXPORT DATA
2.14 SECONDARY SOURCES
2.15 ASSUMPTIONS
3 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
4 PREMIUM INSIGHTS
4.1 REGIONAL SUMMARY
4.1.1 MIDDLE EAST & AFRICA:
4.1.2 ASIA-PACIFIC:
4.1.3 NORTH AMERICA:
4.1.4 EUROPE:
4.1.5 MIDDLE EAST AND AFRICA:
4.1.6 SOUTH AMERICA:
5 MARKET OVERVIEW
5.1 DRIVERS
5.1.1 INCREASING PREFERENCES FOR ECO-FRIENDLY AND BIODEGRADABLE PRODUCTS FOR PACKAGING
5.1.2 RISING DEMAND FOR BIO-BASED PLASTICS FILM IN AGRICULTURE
5.1.3 GROWING DEMAND FOR PBS IN AUTOMOTIVE INTERIORS
5.1.4 EXTENSIVELY USE OF PBS IN BABY DIAPERS
5.2 RESTRAINTS
5.2.1 RAPID CRYSTALLIZATION REACTION CAN DETERIORATE STRENGTH PROPERTIES
5.2.2 UNPREDICTABLE RAW MATERIAL PRICES
5.3 OPPORTUNITIES
5.3.1 EASY BLENDING OF PBS AND COPOLYMER
5.3.2 GROWING POPULARITY OF BIO-BASED POLYBUTYLENE SUCCINATE
5.3.3 PBS CAN BE SUBSTITUTE FOR NON-BIODEGRADABLE POLYMERS
5.4 CHALLENGES
5.4.1 LOW MELT VISCOSITY MAKES PBS PRODUCTION MORE DIFFICULT
5.4.2 BRITTLENESS PROPERTIES OF PBS
6 IMPACT OF COVID-19 ON MIDDLE EAST & AFRICA POLYBUTYLENE SUCCINATE (PBS) MARKET
6.1 INTRODUCTION
6.2 UPCOMING FUTURE OF POLYBUTYLENE SUCCINATE (PBS) MARKET
6.3 IMPACT ON DEMAND
6.4 IMPACT ON SUPPLY CHAIN
6.5 CONCLUSION
7 MIDDLE EAST & AFRICA POLYBUTYLENE SUCCINATE (PBS) MARKET, BY PRODUCT
7.1 OVERVIEW
7.2 CONVENTIONAL POLYBUTYLENE SUCCINATE (PBS)
7.3 BIO-BASED POLYBUTYLENE SUCCINATE (PBS)
8 MIDDLE EAST & AFRICA POLYBUTYLENE SUCCINATE (PBS) MARKET, BY PROCESS
8.1 OVERVIEW
8.2 TRANS-ESTERIFICATION
8.3 DIRECT-ESTERIFICATION
9 MIDDLE EAST & AFRICA POLYBUTYLENE SUCCINATE (PBS) MARKET, BY APPLICATION
9.1 OVERVIEW
9.2 MULCH FILM
9.3 PACKAGING FILM
9.4 BAGS
9.5 FLUSHABLE HYGIENE PRODUCTS
9.6 FISHING NETS
9.7 COFFEE CAPSULES
9.8 WOOD PLASTIC COMPOSITES
9.9 OTHERS
10 MIDDLE EAST & AFRICA POLYBUTYLENE SUCCINATE (PBS) MARKET, BY USAGE
10.1 OVERVIEW
10.2 REUSABLE
10.3 SINGLE-USE
11 MIDDLE EAST & AFRICA POLYBUTYLENE SUCCINATE (PBS) MARKET, BY PACKAGING LAYER
11.1 OVERVIEW
11.2 PRIMARY PACKAGING
11.3 SECONDARY PACKAGING
11.4 TERTIARY PACKAGING
12 MIDDLE EAST & AFRICA POLYBUTYLENE SUCCINATE (PBS) MARKET, BY END-USE
12.1 OVERVIEW
12.2 PACKAGING
12.2.1 PACKAGING, BY PRODUCT
12.2.1.1 CONVENTIONAL POLYBUTYLENE SUCCINATE (PBS)
12.2.1.2 BIO-BASED POLYBUTYLENE SUCCINATE (PBS)
12.3 AGRICULTURE
12.3.1 AGRICULTURE, BY PRODUCT
12.3.1.1 CONVENTIONAL POLYBUTYLENE SUCCINATE (PBS)
12.3.1.2 BIO-BASED POLYBUTYLENE SUCCINATE (PBS)
12.4 TEXTILE
12.4.1 TEXTILE, BY PRODUCT
12.4.1.1 CONVENTIONAL POLYBUTYLENE SUCCINATE (PBS)
12.4.1.2 BIO-BASED POLYBUTYLENE SUCCINATE (PBS)
12.5 CONSUMER GOODS
12.5.1 CONSUMER GOODS, BY PRODUCT
12.5.1.1 CONVENTIONAL POLYBUTYLENE SUCCINATE (PBS)
12.5.1.2 BIO-BASED POLYBUTYLENE SUCCINATE (PBS)
12.6 ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS
12.6.1 ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS, BY PRODUCT
12.6.1.1 CONVENTIONAL POLYBUTYLENE SUCCINATE (PBS)
12.6.1.2 BIO-BASED POLYBUTYLENE SUCCINATE (PBS)
12.7 AUTOMOTIVE
12.7.1 AUTOMOTIVE, BY PRODUCT
12.7.1.1 CONVENTIONAL POLYBUTYLENE SUCCINATE (PBS)
12.7.1.2 BIO-BASED POLYBUTYLENE SUCCINATE (PBS)
12.8 OTHERS
12.8.1 OTHERS, BY PRODUCT
12.8.1.1 CONVENTIONAL POLYBUTYLENE SUCCINATE (PBS)
12.8.1.2 BIO-BASED POLYBUTYLENE SUCCINATE (PBS)
13 MIDDLE EAST & AFRICA POLYBUTYLENE SUCCINATE (PBS) MARKET, BY REGION
13.1 MIDDLE EAST AND AFRICA
13.1.1 U.A.E.
13.1.2 SAUDI ARABIA
13.1.3 SOUTH AFRICA
13.1.4 EGYPT
13.1.5 ISRAEL
13.1.6 REST OF MIDDLE EAST AND AFRICA
14 MIDDLE EAST & AFRICA POLYBUTYLENE SUCCINATE (PBS) MARKET: COMPANY LANDSCAPE
14.1 COMPANY SHARE ANALYSIS: MIDDLE EAST & AFRICA
14.2 EXPANSIONS
14.3 NEW PRODUCT DEVELOPMENTS
14.4 PARTNERSHIPS
15 SWOT ANALYSIS
16 COMPANY PROFILE
16.1 MITSUBISHI CHEMICAL CORPORATION
16.1.1 COMPANY SNAPSHOT
16.1.2 REVENUE ANALYSIS
16.1.3 COMPANY SHARE ANALYSIS
16.1.4 PRODUCT PORTFOLIO
16.1.5 RECENT UPDATES
16.2 BASF SE
16.2.1 COMPANY SNAPSHOT
16.2.2 REVENUE ANALYSIS
16.2.1 COMPANY SHARE ANALYSIS
16.2.2 PRODUCT PORTFOLIO
16.2.3 RECENT UPDATE
16.3 EASTMAN CHEMICAL COMPANY
16.3.1 COMPANY SNAPSHOT
16.3.2 REVENUE ANALYSIS
16.3.1 COMPANY SHARE ANALYSIS
16.3.2 PRODUCT PORTFOLIO
16.3.3 RECENT UPDATE
16.4 WACKER CHEMIE AG
16.4.1 COMPANY SNAPSHOT
16.4.2 REVENUE ANALYSIS
16.4.1 COMPANY SHARE ANALYSIS
16.4.2 PRODUCT PORTFOLIO
16.4.3 RECENT UPDATE
16.5 SHOWA DENKO K.K.
16.5.1 COMPANY SNAPSHOT
16.5.2 REVENUE ANALYSIS
16.5.1 COMPANY SHARE ANALYSIS
16.5.2 PRODUCT PORTFOLIO
16.5.3 RECENT UPDATE
16.6 ROQUETTE FRÈRES
16.6.1 COMPANY SNAPSHOT
16.6.2 PRODUCT PORTFOLIO
16.6.3 RECENT UPDATE
16.7 BIOAMBER INC.
16.7.1 COMPANY SNAPSHOT
16.7.2 PRODUCT PORTFOLIO
16.7.3 RECENT UPDATE
16.8 FILLPLAS
16.8.1 COMPANY SNAPSHOT
16.8.2 PRODUCT PORTFOLIO
16.8.3 RECENT UPDATE
16.9 BIO-DISPOSABLE (A SUBSIDIARY OF INCHEL TECHNOLOGY GROUP LIMITED)
16.9.1 COMPANY SNAPSHOT
16.9.2 PRODUCT PORTFOLIO
16.9.3 RECENT UPDATE
16.1 NATUREPLAST
16.10.1 COMPANY SNAPSHOT
16.10.2 PRODUCT PORTFOLIO
16.10.3 RECENT UPDATE
17 QUESTIONNAIRE
18 RELATED REPORTS
表格列表
TABLE 1 IMPORT DATA OF SATURATED POLYESTERS IN PRIMARY FORMS (EXCLUDING POLYCARBONATES, ALKYD RESINS, POLY"ETHYLENE TEREPHTHALATE" AND POLY"LACTIC ACID").; HS CODE - 390799 (USD THOUSAND)
TABLE 2 EXPORT DATA OF SATURATED POLYESTERS IN PRIMARY FORMS (EXCLUDING POLYCARBONATES, ALKYD RESINS, POLY"ETHYLENE TEREPHTHALATE" AND POLY"LACTIC ACID").; HS CODE - 390799 (USD THOUSAND)
TABLE 3 TIME TAKEN FOR GARBAGE TO DECOMPOSE IN THE ENVIRONMENT (2015)
TABLE 4 TIME TAKEN FOR GARBAGE TO DECOMPOSE IN THE ENVIRONMENT (2015)
TABLE 5 MIDDLE EAST & AFRICA POLYBUTYLENE SUCCINATE (PBS) MARKET, BY PRODUCT, 2019-2028 (USD THOUSAND)
TABLE 6 MIDDLE EAST & AFRICA POLYBUTYLENE SUCCINATE (PBS) MARKET, BY PRODUCT, 2019-2028 (THOUSAND KILOGRAMS)
TABLE 7 MIDDLE EAST & AFRICA CONVENTIONAL POLYBUTYLENE SUCCINATE (PBS) IN POLYBUTYLENE SUCCINATE (PBS) MARKET, BY REGION, 2019-2028 (USD THOUSAND)
TABLE 8 MIDDLE EAST & AFRICA CONVENTIONAL POLYBUTYLENE SUCCINATE (PBS) IN POLYBUTYLENE SUCCINATE (PBS) MARKET, BY REGION, 2019-2028 (THOUSAND KILOGRAMS)
TABLE 9 MIDDLE EAST & AFRICA BIO-BASED POLYBUTYLENE SUCCINATE (PBS) IN POLYBUTYLENE SUCCINATE (PBS) MARKET, BY REGION, 2019-2028 (USD THOUSAND)
TABLE 10 MIDDLE EAST & AFRICA BIO-BASED POLYBUTYLENE SUCCINATE (PBS) IN POLYBUTYLENE SUCCINATE (PBS) MARKET, BY REGION, 2019-2028 (THOUSAND KILOGRAMS)
TABLE 11 MIDDLE EAST & AFRICA POLYBUTYLENE SUCCINATE (PBS) MARKET, BY PROCESS, 2019-2028 (USD THOUSAND)
TABLE 12 MIDDLE EAST & AFRICA TRANS-ESTERIFICATION IN POLYBUTYLENE SUCCINATE (PBS) MARKET, BY REGION, 2019-2028 (USD THOUSAND)
TABLE 13 MIDDLE EAST & AFRICA DIRECT-ESTERIFICATION IN POLYBUTYLENE SUCCINATE (PBS) MARKET, BY REGION, 2019-2028 (USD THOUSAND)
TABLE 14 MIDDLE EAST & AFRICA POLYBUTYLENE SUCCINATE (PBS) MARKET, BY APPLICATION, 2019-2028 (USD THOUSAND)
TABLE 15 MIDDLE EAST & AFRICA MULCH FILM IN POLYBUTYLENE SUCCINATE (PBS) MARKET, BY REGION, 2019-2028 (USD THOUSAND)
TABLE 16 MIDDLE EAST & AFRICA PACKAGING FILM IN POLYBUTYLENE SUCCINATE (PBS) MARKET, BY REGION, 2019-2028 (USD THOUSAND)
TABLE 17 MIDDLE EAST & AFRICA BAGS IN POLYBUTYLENE SUCCINATE (PBS) MARKET, BY REGION, 2019-2028 (USD THOUSAND)
TABLE 18 MIDDLE EAST & AFRICA FLUSHABLE HYGIENE PRODUCTS IN POLYBUTYLENE SUCCINATE (PBS) MARKET, BY REGION, 2019-2028 (USD THOUSAND)
TABLE 19 MIDDLE EAST & AFRICA FISHING NETS IN POLYBUTYLENE SUCCINATE (PBS) MARKET, BY REGION, 2019-2028 (USD THOUSAND)
TABLE 20 MIDDLE EAST & AFRICA COFFEE CAPSULES IN POLYBUTYLENE SUCCINATE (PBS) MARKET, BY REGION, 2019-2028 (USD THOUSAND)
TABLE 21 MIDDLE EAST & AFRICA WOOD PLASTIC COMPOSITES IN POLYBUTYLENE SUCCINATE (PBS) MARKET, BY REGION, 2019-2028 (USD THOUSAND)
TABLE 22 MIDDLE EAST & AFRICA OTHERS IN POLYBUTYLENE SUCCINATE (PBS) MARKET, BY REGION, 2019-2028 (USD THOUSAND)
TABLE 23 MIDDLE EAST & AFRICA POLYBUTYLENE SUCCINATE (PBS) MARKET, BY USAGE, 2019-2028 (USD THOUSAND)
TABLE 24 MIDDLE EAST & AFRICA REUSABLE IN POLYBUTYLENE SUCCINATE (PBS) MARKET, BY REGION, 2019-2028 (USD THOUSAND)
TABLE 25 MIDDLE EAST & AFRICA SINGLE-USE IN POLYBUTYLENE SUCCINATE (PBS) MARKET, BY REGION, 2019-2028 (USD THOUSAND)
TABLE 26 MIDDLE EAST & AFRICA POLYBUTYLENE SUCCINATE (PBS) MARKET, BY PACKAGING LAYER, 2019-2028 (USD THOUSAND)
TABLE 27 MIDDLE EAST & AFRICA PRIMARY PACKAGING IN POLYBUTYLENE SUCCINATE (PBS) MARKET, BY REGION, 2019-2028 (USD THOUSAND)
TABLE 28 MIDDLE EAST & AFRICA SECONDARY PACKAGING IN POLYBUTYLENE SUCCINATE (PBS) MARKET, BY REGION, 2019-2028 (USD THOUSAND)
TABLE 29 MIDDLE EAST & AFRICA TERTIARY PACKAGING IN POLYBUTYLENE SUCCINATE (PBS) MARKET, BY REGION, 2019-2028 (USD THOUSAND)
TABLE 30 MIDDLE EAST & AFRICA POLYBUTYLENE SUCCINATE (PBS) MARKET, BY END-USE, 2019-2028 (USD THOUSAND)
TABLE 31 MIDDLE EAST & AFRICA PACKAGING IN POLYBUTYLENE SUCCINATE (PBS) MARKET, BY REGION, 2019-2028 (USD THOUSAND)
TABLE 32 MIDDLE EAST & AFRICA PACKAGING IN POLYBUTYLENE SUCCINATE (PBS) MARKET, BY PRODUCT, 2019-2028 (USD THOUSAND)
TABLE 33 MIDDLE EAST & AFRICA AGRICULTURE IN POLYBUTYLENE SUCCINATE (PBS) MARKET, BY REGION, 2019-2028 (USD THOUSAND)
TABLE 34 MIDDLE EAST & AFRICA AGRICULTURE IN POLYBUTYLENE SUCCINATE (PBS) MARKET, BY PRODUCT, 2019-2028 (USD THOUSAND)
TABLE 35 MIDDLE EAST & AFRICA TEXTILE IN POLYBUTYLENE SUCCINATE (PBS) MARKET, BY REGION, 2019-2028 (USD THOUSAND)
TABLE 36 MIDDLE EAST & AFRICA TEXTILE IN POLYBUTYLENE SUCCINATE (PBS) MARKET, BY PRODUCT, 2019-2028 (USD THOUSAND)
TABLE 37 MIDDLE EAST & AFRICA CONSUMER GOODS IN POLYBUTYLENE SUCCINATE (PBS) MARKET, BY REGION, 2019-2028 (USD THOUSAND)
TABLE 38 MIDDLE EAST & AFRICA CONSUMER GOODS IN POLYBUTYLENE SUCCINATE (PBS) MARKET, BY PRODUCT, 2019-2028 (USD THOUSAND)
TABLE 39 MIDDLE EAST & AFRICA ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS IN POLYBUTYLENE SUCCINATE (PBS) MARKET, BY REGION, 2019-2028 (USD THOUSAND)
TABLE 40 MIDDLE EAST & AFRICA ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS IN POLYBUTYLENE SUCCINATE (PBS) MARKET, BY PRODUCT, 2019-2028 (USD THOUSAND)
TABLE 41 MIDDLE EAST & AFRICA AUTOMOTIVE IN POLYBUTYLENE SUCCINATE (PBS) MARKET, BY REGION, 2019-2028 (USD THOUSAND)
TABLE 42 MIDDLE EAST & AFRICA AUTOMOTIVE IN POLYBUTYLENE SUCCINATE (PBS) MARKET, BY PRODUCT, 2019-2028 (USD THOUSAND)
TABLE 43 MIDDLE EAST & AFRICA OTHERS IN POLYBUTYLENE SUCCINATE (PBS) MARKET, BY REGION, 2019-2028 (USD THOUSAND)
TABLE 44 MIDDLE EAST & AFRICA OTHERS IN POLYBUTYLENE SUCCINATE (PBS) MARKET, BY PRODUCT, 2019-2028 (USD THOUSAND)
TABLE 45 MIDDLE EAST AND AFRICA POLYBUTYLENE SUCCINATE (PBS) MARKET, BY COUNTRY, 2019-2028 (USD THOUSAND)
TABLE 46 MIDDLE EAST AND AFRICA POLYBUTYLENE SUCCINATE (PBS) MARKET, BY COUNTRY, 2019-2028 (THOUSAND KILOGRAM)
TABLE 47 MIDDLE EAST AND AFRICA POLYBUTYLENE SUCCINATE (PBS) MARKET, BY PRODUCT, 2019-2028 (USD THOUSAND)
TABLE 48 MIDDLE EAST AND AFRICA POLYBUTYLENE SUCCINATE (PBS) MARKET, BY PRODUCT, 2019-2028 (THOUSAND KILOGRAM)
TABLE 49 MIDDLE EAST AND AFRICA POLYBUTYLENE SUCCINATE (PBS) MARKET, BY PROCESS, 2019-2028 (USD THOUSAND)
TABLE 50 MIDDLE EAST AND AFRICA POLYBUTYLENE SUCCINATE (PBS) MARKET, BY APPLICATION, 2019-2028 (USD THOUSAND)
TABLE 51 MIDDLE EAST AND AFRICA POLYBUTYLENE SUCCINATE (PBS) MARKET, BY USAGE, 2019-2028 (USD THOUSAND)
TABLE 52 MIDDLE EAST AND AFRICA POLYBUTYLENE SUCCINATE (PBS) MARKET, BY PACKAGING LAYER, 2019-2028 (USD THOUSAND)
TABLE 53 MIDDLE EAST AND AFRICA POLYBUTYLENE SUCCINATE (PBS) MARKET, BY END-USE, 2019-2028 (USD THOUSAND)
TABLE 54 MIDDLE EAST AND AFRICA PACKAGING IN POLYBUTYLENE SUCCINATE (PBS) MARKET, BY PRODUCT, 2019-2028 (USD THOUSAND)
TABLE 55 MIDDLE EAST AND AFRICA AGRICULTURE IN POLYBUTYLENE SUCCINATE (PBS) MARKET, BY PRODUCT, 2019-2028 (USD THOUSAND)
TABLE 56 MIDDLE EAST AND AFRICA TEXTILE IN POLYBUTYLENE SUCCINATE (PBS) MARKET, BY PRODUCT, 2019-2028 (USD THOUSAND)
TABLE 57 MIDDLE EAST AND AFRICA CONSUMER GOODS IN POLYBUTYLENE SUCCINATE (PBS) MARKET, BY PRODUCT, 2019-2028 (USD THOUSAND)
TABLE 58 MIDDLE EAST AND AFRICA ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS IN POLYBUTYLENE SUCCINATE (PBS) MARKET, BY PRODUCT, 2019-2028 (USD THOUSAND)
TABLE 59 MIDDLE EAST AND AFRICA AUTOMOTIVE IN POLYBUTYLENE SUCCINATE (PBS) MARKET, BY PRODUCT, 2019-2028 (USD THOUSAND)
TABLE 60 MIDDLE EAST AND AFRICA OTHERS IN POLYBUTYLENE SUCCINATE (PBS) MARKET, BY PRODUCT, 2019-2028 (USD THOUSAND)
TABLE 61 U.A.E. POLYBUTYLENE SUCCINATE (PBS) MARKET, BY PRODUCT, 2019-2028 (USD THOUSAND)
TABLE 62 U.A.E. POLYBUTYLENE SUCCINATE (PBS) MARKET, BY PRODUCT, 2019-2028 (THOUSAND KILOGRAM)
TABLE 63 U.A.E. POLYBUTYLENE SUCCINATE (PBS) MARKET, BY PROCESS, 2019-2028 (USD THOUSAND)
TABLE 64 U.A.E. POLYBUTYLENE SUCCINATE (PBS) MARKET, BY APPLICATION, 2019-2028 (USD THOUSAND)
TABLE 65 U.A.E. POLYBUTYLENE SUCCINATE (PBS) MARKET, BY USAGE, 2019-2028 (USD THOUSAND)
TABLE 66 U.A.E. POLYBUTYLENE SUCCINATE (PBS) MARKET, BY PACKAGING LAYER, 2019-2028 (USD THOUSAND)
TABLE 67 U.A.E. POLYBUTYLENE SUCCINATE (PBS) MARKET, BY END-USE, 2019-2028 (USD THOUSAND)
TABLE 68 U.A.E. PACKAGING IN POLYBUTYLENE SUCCINATE (PBS) MARKET, BY PRODUCT, 2019-2028 (USD THOUSAND)
TABLE 69 U.A.E. AGRICULTURE IN POLYBUTYLENE SUCCINATE (PBS) MARKET, BY PRODUCT, 2019-2028 (USD THOUSAND)
TABLE 70 U.A.E. TEXTILE IN POLYBUTYLENE SUCCINATE (PBS) MARKET, BY PRODUCT, 2019-2028 (USD THOUSAND)
TABLE 71 U.A.E. CONSUMER GOODS IN POLYBUTYLENE SUCCINATE (PBS) MARKET, BY PRODUCT, 2019-2028 (USD THOUSAND)
TABLE 72 U.A.E. ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS IN POLYBUTYLENE SUCCINATE (PBS) MARKET, BY PRODUCT, 2019-2028 (USD THOUSAND)
TABLE 73 U.A.E. AUTOMOTIVE IN POLYBUTYLENE SUCCINATE (PBS) MARKET, BY PRODUCT, 2019-2028 (USD THOUSAND)
TABLE 74 U.A.E. OTHERS IN POLYBUTYLENE SUCCINATE (PBS) MARKET, BY PRODUCT, 2019-2028 (USD THOUSAND)
TABLE 75 SAUDI ARABIA POLYBUTYLENE SUCCINATE (PBS) MARKET, BY PRODUCT, 2019-2028 (USD THOUSAND)
TABLE 76 SAUDI ARABIA POLYBUTYLENE SUCCINATE (PBS) MARKET, BY PRODUCT, 2019-2028 (THOUSAND KILOGRAM)
TABLE 77 SAUDI ARABIA POLYBUTYLENE SUCCINATE (PBS) MARKET, BY PROCESS, 2019-2028 (USD THOUSAND)
TABLE 78 SAUDI ARABIA POLYBUTYLENE SUCCINATE (PBS) MARKET, BY APPLICATION, 2019-2028 (USD THOUSAND)
TABLE 79 SAUDI ARABIA POLYBUTYLENE SUCCINATE (PBS) MARKET, BY USAGE, 2019-2028 (USD THOUSAND)
TABLE 80 SAUDI ARABIA POLYBUTYLENE SUCCINATE (PBS) MARKET, BY PACKAGING LAYER, 2019-2028 (USD THOUSAND)
TABLE 81 SAUDI ARABIA POLYBUTYLENE SUCCINATE (PBS) MARKET, BY END-USE, 2019-2028 (USD THOUSAND)
TABLE 82 SAUDI ARABIA PACKAGING IN POLYBUTYLENE SUCCINATE (PBS) MARKET, BY PRODUCT, 2019-2028 (USD THOUSAND)
TABLE 83 SAUDI ARABIA AGRICULTURE IN POLYBUTYLENE SUCCINATE (PBS) MARKET, BY PRODUCT, 2019-2028 (USD THOUSAND)
TABLE 84 SAUDI ARABIA TEXTILE IN POLYBUTYLENE SUCCINATE (PBS) MARKET, BY PRODUCT, 2019-2028 (USD THOUSAND)
TABLE 85 SAUDI ARABIA CONSUMER GOODS IN POLYBUTYLENE SUCCINATE (PBS) MARKET, BY PRODUCT, 2019-2028 (USD THOUSAND)
TABLE 86 SAUDI ARABIA ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS IN POLYBUTYLENE SUCCINATE (PBS) MARKET, BY PRODUCT, 2019-2028 (USD THOUSAND)
TABLE 87 SAUDI ARABIA AUTOMOTIVE IN POLYBUTYLENE SUCCINATE (PBS) MARKET, BY PRODUCT, 2019-2028 (USD THOUSAND)
TABLE 88 SAUDI ARABIA OTHERS IN POLYBUTYLENE SUCCINATE (PBS) MARKET, BY PRODUCT, 2019-2028 (USD THOUSAND)
TABLE 89 SOUTH AFRICA POLYBUTYLENE SUCCINATE (PBS) MARKET, BY PRODUCT, 2019-2028 (USD THOUSAND)
TABLE 90 SOUTH AFRICA POLYBUTYLENE SUCCINATE (PBS) MARKET, BY PRODUCT, 2019-2028 (THOUSAND KILOGRAM)
TABLE 91 SOUTH AFRICA POLYBUTYLENE SUCCINATE (PBS) MARKET, BY PROCESS, 2019-2028 (USD THOUSAND)
TABLE 92 SOUTH AFRICA POLYBUTYLENE SUCCINATE (PBS) MARKET, BY APPLICATION, 2019-2028 (USD THOUSAND)
TABLE 93 SOUTH AFRICA POLYBUTYLENE SUCCINATE (PBS) MARKET, BY USAGE, 2019-2028 (USD THOUSAND)
TABLE 94 SOUTH AFRICA POLYBUTYLENE SUCCINATE (PBS) MARKET, BY PACKAGING LAYER, 2019-2028 (USD THOUSAND)
TABLE 95 SOUTH AFRICA POLYBUTYLENE SUCCINATE (PBS) MARKET, BY END-USE, 2019-2028 (USD THOUSAND)
TABLE 96 SOUTH AFRICA PACKAGING IN POLYBUTYLENE SUCCINATE (PBS) MARKET, BY PRODUCT, 2019-2028 (USD THOUSAND)
TABLE 97 SOUTH AFRICA AGRICULTURE IN POLYBUTYLENE SUCCINATE (PBS) MARKET, BY PRODUCT, 2019-2028 (USD THOUSAND)
TABLE 98 SOUTH AFRICA TEXTILE IN POLYBUTYLENE SUCCINATE (PBS) MARKET, BY PRODUCT, 2019-2028 (USD THOUSAND)
TABLE 99 SOUTH AFRICA CONSUMER GOODS IN POLYBUTYLENE SUCCINATE (PBS) MARKET, BY PRODUCT, 2019-2028 (USD THOUSAND)
TABLE 100 SOUTH AFRICA ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS IN POLYBUTYLENE SUCCINATE (PBS) MARKET, BY PRODUCT, 2019-2028 (USD THOUSAND)
TABLE 101 SOUTH AFRICA AUTOMOTIVE IN POLYBUTYLENE SUCCINATE (PBS) MARKET, BY PRODUCT, 2019-2028 (USD THOUSAND)
TABLE 102 SOUTH AFRICA OTHERS IN POLYBUTYLENE SUCCINATE (PBS) MARKET, BY PRODUCT, 2019-2028 (USD THOUSAND)
TABLE 103 EGYPT POLYBUTYLENE SUCCINATE (PBS) MARKET, BY PRODUCT, 2019-2028 (USD THOUSAND)
TABLE 104 EGYPT POLYBUTYLENE SUCCINATE (PBS) MARKET, BY PRODUCT, 2019-2028 (THOUSAND KILOGRAM)
TABLE 105 EGYPT POLYBUTYLENE SUCCINATE (PBS) MARKET, BY PROCESS, 2019-2028 (USD THOUSAND)
TABLE 106 EGYPT POLYBUTYLENE SUCCINATE (PBS) MARKET, BY APPLICATION, 2019-2028 (USD THOUSAND)
TABLE 107 EGYPT POLYBUTYLENE SUCCINATE (PBS) MARKET, BY USAGE, 2019-2028 (USD THOUSAND)
TABLE 108 EGYPT POLYBUTYLENE SUCCINATE (PBS) MARKET, BY PACKAGING LAYER, 2019-2028 (USD THOUSAND)
TABLE 109 EGYPT POLYBUTYLENE SUCCINATE (PBS) MARKET, BY END-USE, 2019-2028 (USD THOUSAND)
TABLE 110 EGYPT PACKAGING IN POLYBUTYLENE SUCCINATE (PBS) MARKET, BY PRODUCT, 2019-2028 (USD THOUSAND)
TABLE 111 EGYPT AGRICULTURE IN POLYBUTYLENE SUCCINATE (PBS) MARKET, BY PRODUCT, 2019-2028 (USD THOUSAND)
TABLE 112 EGYPT TEXTILE IN POLYBUTYLENE SUCCINATE (PBS) MARKET, BY PRODUCT, 2019-2028 (USD THOUSAND)
TABLE 113 EGYPT CONSUMER GOODS IN POLYBUTYLENE SUCCINATE (PBS) MARKET, BY PRODUCT, 2019-2028 (USD THOUSAND)
TABLE 114 EGYPT ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS IN POLYBUTYLENE SUCCINATE (PBS) MARKET, BY PRODUCT, 2019-2028 (USD THOUSAND)
TABLE 115 EGYPT AUTOMOTIVE IN POLYBUTYLENE SUCCINATE (PBS) MARKET, BY PRODUCT, 2019-2028 (USD THOUSAND)
TABLE 116 EGYPT OTHERS IN POLYBUTYLENE SUCCINATE (PBS) MARKET, BY PRODUCT, 2019-2028 (USD THOUSAND)
TABLE 117 ISRAEL POLYBUTYLENE SUCCINATE (PBS) MARKET, BY PRODUCT, 2019-2028 (USD THOUSAND)
TABLE 118 ISRAEL POLYBUTYLENE SUCCINATE (PBS) MARKET, BY PRODUCT, 2019-2028 (THOUSAND KILOGRAM)
TABLE 119 ISRAEL POLYBUTYLENE SUCCINATE (PBS) MARKET, BY PROCESS, 2019-2028 (USD THOUSAND)
TABLE 120 ISRAEL POLYBUTYLENE SUCCINATE (PBS) MARKET, BY APPLICATION, 2019-2028 (USD THOUSAND)
TABLE 121 ISRAEL POLYBUTYLENE SUCCINATE (PBS) MARKET, BY USAGE, 2019-2028 (USD THOUSAND)
TABLE 122 ISRAEL POLYBUTYLENE SUCCINATE (PBS) MARKET, BY PACKAGING LAYER, 2019-2028 (USD THOUSAND)
TABLE 123 ISRAEL POLYBUTYLENE SUCCINATE (PBS) MARKET, BY END-USE, 2019-2028 (USD THOUSAND)
TABLE 124 ISRAEL PACKAGING IN POLYBUTYLENE SUCCINATE (PBS) MARKET, BY PRODUCT, 2019-2028 (USD THOUSAND)
TABLE 125 ISRAEL AGRICULTURE IN POLYBUTYLENE SUCCINATE (PBS) MARKET, BY PRODUCT, 2019-2028 (USD THOUSAND)
TABLE 126 ISRAEL TEXTILE IN POLYBUTYLENE SUCCINATE (PBS) MARKET, BY PRODUCT, 2019-2028 (USD THOUSAND)
TABLE 127 ISRAEL CONSUMER GOODS IN POLYBUTYLENE SUCCINATE (PBS) MARKET, BY PRODUCT, 2019-2028 (USD THOUSAND)
TABLE 128 ISRAEL ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS IN POLYBUTYLENE SUCCINATE (PBS) MARKET, BY PRODUCT, 2019-2028 (USD THOUSAND)
TABLE 129 ISRAEL AUTOMOTIVE IN POLYBUTYLENE SUCCINATE (PBS) MARKET, BY PRODUCT, 2019-2028 (USD THOUSAND)
TABLE 130 ISRAEL OTHERS IN POLYBUTYLENE SUCCINATE (PBS) MARKET, BY PRODUCT, 2019-2028 (USD THOUSAND)
TABLE 131 REST OF MIDDLE EAST AND AFRICA POLYBUTYLENE SUCCINATE (PBS) MARKET, BY PRODUCT, 2019-2028 (USD THOUSAND)
TABLE 132 REST OF MIDDLE EAST AND AFRICA POLYBUTYLENE SUCCINATE (PBS) MARKET, BY PRODUCT, 2019-2028 (THOUSAND KILOGRAM)
图片列表
FIGURE 1 MIDDLE EAST & AFRICA POLYBUTYLENE SUCCINATE (PBS) MARKET: SEGMENTATION
FIGURE 2 MIDDLE EAST & AFRICA POLYBUTYLENE SUCCINATE (PBS) MARKET: DATA TRIANGULATION
FIGURE 3 MIDDLE EAST & AFRICA POLYBUTYLENE SUCCINATE (PBS) MARKET: DROC ANALYSIS
FIGURE 4 MIDDLE EAST & AFRICA POLYBUTYLENE SUCCINATE (PBS) MARKET: MIDDLE EAST & AFRICA VS REGIONAL MARKET ANALYSIS
FIGURE 5 MIDDLE EAST & AFRICA POLYBUTYLENE SUCCINATE (PBS) MARKET: COMPANY RESEARCH ANALYSIS
FIGURE 6 MIDDLE EAST & AFRICA POLYBUTYLENE SUCCINATE (PBS) MARKET: THE PRODUCT LIFE LINE CURVE
FIGURE 7 MIDDLE EAST & AFRICA POLYBUTYLENE SUCCINATE (PBS) MARKET: MULTIVARIATE MODELLING
FIGURE 8 MIDDLE EAST & AFRICA POLYBUTYLENE SUCCINATE (PBS) MARKET: INTERVIEW DEMOGRAPHICS
FIGURE 9 MIDDLE EAST & AFRICA POLYBUTYLENE SUCCINATE (PBS) MARKET: DBMR MARKET POSITION GRID
FIGURE 10 MIDDLE EAST & AFRICA POLYBUTYLENE SUCCINATE (PBS) MARKET: MARKET APPLICATION COVERAGE GRID
FIGURE 11 MIDDLE EAST & AFRICA POLYBUTYLENE SUCCINATE (PBS) MARKET: THE MARKET CHALLENGE MATRIX
FIGURE 12 MIDDLE EAST & AFRICA POLYBUTYLENE SUCCINATE (PBS) MARKET: VENDOR SHARE ANALYSIS
FIGURE 13 MIDDLE EAST & AFRICA POLYBUTYLENE SUCCINATE (PBS) MARKET: SEGMENTATION
FIGURE 14 ASIA-PACIFIC IS EXPECTED TO DOMINATE THE MIDDLE EAST & AFRICA POLYBUTYLENE SUCCINATE (PBS) MARKET AND IS EXPECTED TO GROW WITH THE HIGHEST CAGR IN THE FORECAST PERIOD OF 2021 TO 2028
FIGURE 15 INCREASING DEMAND FOR BIO-BASED PLASTICS FILM IN AGRICULTURE IS DRIVING THE MIDDLE EAST & AFRICA POLYBUTYLENE SUCCINATE (PBS) MARKET IN THE FORECAST PERIOD OF 2021 TO 2028
FIGURE 16 CONVENTIONAL POLYBUTYLENE SUCCINATE (PBS) SEGMENT IS EXPECTED TO ACCOUNT FOR THE LARGEST SHARE OF THE MIDDLE EAST & AFRICA POLYBUTYLENE SUCCINATE (PBS) MARKET IN 2021 & 2028
FIGURE 17 DRIVERS, RESTRAINTS, OPPORTUNITIES AND CHALLENGES OF MIDDLE EAST & AFRICA POLYBUTYLENE SUCCINATE (PBS) MARKET
FIGURE 18 MIDDLE EAST & AFRICA POLYBUTYLENE SUCCINATE (PBS) MARKET: BY PRODUCT, 2020
FIGURE 19 MIDDLE EAST & AFRICA POLYBUTYLENE SUCCINATE (PBS) MARKET: BY PROCESS, 2020
FIGURE 20 MIDDLE EAST & AFRICA POLYBUTYLENE SUCCINATE (PBS) MARKET: BY APPLICATION, 2020
FIGURE 21 MIDDLE EAST & AFRICA POLYBUTYLENE SUCCINATE (PBS) MARKET: BY USAGE, 2020
FIGURE 22 MIDDLE EAST & AFRICA POLYBUTYLENE SUCCINATE (PBS) MARKET: BY PACKAGING LAYER, 2020
FIGURE 23 MIDDLE EAST & AFRICA POLYBUTYLENE SUCCINATE (PBS) MARKET: BY END-USE, 2020
FIGURE 24 MIDDLE EAST AND AFRICA POLYBUTYLENE SUCCINATE (PBS) MARKET: SNAPSHOT (2020)
FIGURE 25 MIDDLE EAST AND AFRICA POLYBUTYLENE SUCCINATE (PBS) MARKET: BY COUNTRY (2020)
FIGURE 26 MIDDLE EAST AND AFRICA POLYBUTYLENE SUCCINATE (PBS) MARKET: BY COUNTRY (2021 & 2028)
FIGURE 27 MIDDLE EAST AND AFRICA POLYBUTYLENE SUCCINATE (PBS) MARKET: BY COUNTRY (2020 & 2028)
FIGURE 28 MIDDLE EAST AND AFRICA POLYBUTYLENE SUCCINATE (PBS) MARKET: BY PRODUCT (2021-2028)
FIGURE 29 MIDDLE EAST & AFRICA POLYBUTYLENE SUCCINATE (PBS) MARKET: COMPANY SHARE 2020 (%)
研究方法
Data collection and base year analysis are done using data collection modules with large sample sizes. The stage includes obtaining market information or related data through various sources and strategies. It includes examining and planning all the data acquired from the past in advance. It likewise envelops the examination of information inconsistencies seen across different information sources. The market data is analysed and estimated using market statistical and coherent models. Also, market share analysis and key trend analysis are the major success factors in the market report. To know more, please request an analyst call or drop down your inquiry.
The key research methodology used by DBMR research team is data triangulation which involves data mining, analysis of the impact of data variables on the market and primary (industry expert) validation. Data models include Vendor Positioning Grid, Market Time Line Analysis, Market Overview and Guide, Company Positioning Grid, Patent Analysis, Pricing Analysis, Company Market Share Analysis, Standards of Measurement, Global versus Regional and Vendor Share Analysis. To know more about the research methodology, drop in an inquiry to speak to our industry experts.
可定制
Data Bridge Market Research is a leader in advanced formative research. We take pride in servicing our existing and new customers with data and analysis that match and suits their goal. The report can be customized to include price trend analysis of target brands understanding the market for additional countries (ask for the list of countries), clinical trial results data, literature review, refurbished market and product base analysis. Market analysis of target competitors can be analyzed from technology-based analysis to market portfolio strategies. We can add as many competitors that you require data about in the format and data style you are looking for. Our team of analysts can also provide you data in crude raw excel files pivot tables (Fact book) or can assist you in creating presentations from the data sets available in the report.